James Mill

第52章

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第52章

James Mill Leslie Stephen

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James Mill
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  Wordsworth,inshort,sawtheuglysideoftheindustrialrevolution,theinjurydonetodomesticlifebythefactorysystem,orthesubstitutionofaproletariateforapeasantry,andthereplacementofthelowestsocialorderbyavastinorganicmob,Thecontemporaryprocess,whichwasleadingtopauperismandtotheevilsofthefactorysystem,profoundlyaffectedWordsworth,aswellastheimpulsiveSouthey;andtheirfrequentdenunciationsgavecolourtotheimputationsthattheywereopposedtoallprogress,CertainlytheywereevenmorbidlyalivetotheevilaspectsofthepoliticaleconomyofMalthusandRicardo,whichtothemseemedtoprescribeinsensibilityandindifferencetomostseriousandrapidlyaccumulatingevils。

  Meanwhile,Wordsworthwasalsoimpressedbytheunderlyingphilosophicaldifficulties。Theeffectoftherevolutionaryprincipleswastodestroythereligioussentiment,notsimplybydisprovingthisorthathistoricalstatement,butbymakingthewholeworldprosaicandmatter-of-fact。Hisoccasionaloutburstsagainstthemanofscience——the’fingeringslave’whowould’peepandbotaniseuponhismother’sgrave’——areoneversionofhisfeeling。Thewholescientificmethodtendedtomaterialismandatomism;toabreakingupoftheworldintodisconnectedatoms,andlosingthelifeindissectingthemachinery。

  HisprotestisembodiedinthepantheismofthenoblelinesonTinternAbbey,andhismethodofansweringmightbedivinedfromtheodeonthe’IntimationsofImmortality。’Somehoworothertheworldrepresentsaspiritualandrationalunity,notamerechaosofdisconnectedatomsandfragments。

  We’seeintotheheartofthings’whenwetrusttoouremotionsandholdbytheinstincts,clearlymanifestedinchildhood,butcloudedandoverwhelmedinourlaterstruggleswiththeworld。Theessentialthingisthecultivationofour’moralbeing,’thecarefulpreservationandassimilationofthesternsenseofduty,whichalonemakeslifebearableandgivesameaningtotheuniverse。

  Wordsworth,itisplain,wasattheveryoppositepolefromtheUtilitarians。Hecametoconsiderthattheirwholemethodmeantthedissolutionofallthatwasmostvitallysacred,andtoholdthattherevolutionhadattractedhissympathiesonfalsepretences。Yetitisobviousthat,howevergreatthestimuluswhichheexerted,andhoweverloftyhishighestflightsofpoetry,hehadnodistincttheorytooffer。Hisdoctrineundoubtedlywascongenialtocertainphilosophicalviews,butwasnotitselfanarticulatephilosophy。Heappealstoinstinctsandemotions,nottoanydefinitetheory。Inaremarkableletter,ColeridgetoldWordsworthwhyhewasdisappointedwiththeExcursion。25Hehadhopedthatitwouldbethe’firstandonlytruephilosophicalpoeminexistence。’Wordsworthwastohavestartedbyexposingthe’sandysophismsofLocke,’andafterexplodingPope’sEssayonMan,andshowingthevanityofErasmusDarwin’sbeliefinan’ourang-outangstate,’andexplainingthefallofmanandthe’schemeofredemption,’tohaveconcludedby’agranddidacticswellontheidentityofatruephilosophywithtruereligion。’Hewouldshowhowlifeandintelligenceweretobesubstitutedforthe’philosophyofmechanism。’Factswouldbeelevatedintotheory,theoryintolaws,andlawsintolivingandintelligentpowers——trueidealismnecessarilyperfectingitselfinrealism,andrealismrefiningitselfintoidealism。’

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