John Stuart Mill

第21章

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第21章

John Stuart Mill Leslie Stephen

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John Stuart Mill
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  Hismethodin’moralscience’followsthelinesnowlaiddown。Allinference,ashehasurged,consistsof’inductions’

  and’theinterpretationofinductions。’112*Deductionistheapplicationtonewcasesofthelawsobservedinpreviouscases。

  Asourknowledgeofsuchlawsmultiplies,sciencetendstobecomemoredeductive。Butthedeductionisstillaninduction;andthetrueantithesisisnotbetweendeductiveandinductivebutbetween’deductiveandexperimental。’113*Deductivereasoning,thatis,simplyappliesapreviousinduction;butreasoningbecomes’experimental’whenwehavetointerrogatenatureforafreshrule。Thishasanimportantbearinguponthenextstep。

  Socialphenomenaofallkindsaresocomplexthatwecannotapplyhisfourmethods。Theybelongtotheregioninhisphraseology

  ofthe’intermixtureoflaws’and’pluralityofcauses’;114*

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