LEVIATHAN

第44章

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第44章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Thereforethepeoplearetobetaughttoabstainfromviolencetooneanother’spersonbyprivaterevenges,fromviolationofconjugalhonour,andfromforciblerapineandfraudulentsurreptionofoneanother’sgoods。Forwhichpurposealsoitisnecessarytheybeshowntheevilconsequencesoffalsejudgment,bycorruptioneitherofjudgesorwitnesses,wherebythedistinctionofproprietyistakenaway,andjusticebecomesofnoeffect:allwhichthingsareintimatedinthesixth,seventh,eighth,andninthCommandments。

  Lastly,theyaretobetaughtthatnotonlytheunjustfacts,butthedesignsandintentionstodothem,thoughbyaccidenthindered,areinjustice;whichconsistethinthepravityofthewill,aswellasintheirregularityoftheact。AndthisistheintentionofthetenthCommandment,andthesumofthesecondtable;whichisreducedalltothisonecommandmentofmutualcharity,“Thoushaltlovethyneighbourasthyself“;asthesumofthefirsttableisreducedto“theloveofGod“;whomtheyhadthennewlyreceivedastheirking。

  Asforthemeansandconduitsbywhichthepeoplemayreceivethisinstruction,wearetosearchbywhatmeanssomanyopinionscontrarytothepeaceofmankind,uponweakandfalseprinciples,haveneverthelessbeensodeeplyrootedinthem。ImeanthosewhichI

  haveintheprecedenttheprecedentchapterspecified:asthatmenshalljudgeofwhatislawfulandunlawful,notbythelawitself,butbytheirownconsciences;thatistosay,bytheirownprivatejudgements:thatsubjectssininobeyingthecommandsoftheCommonwealth,unlesstheythemselveshavefirstjudgedthemtobelawful:thattheirproprietyintheirrichesissuchastoexcludethedominionwhichtheCommonwealthhaththesame:thatitislawfulforsubjectstokillsuchastheycalltyrants:thatthesovereignpowermaybedivided,andthelike;whichcometobeinstilledintothepeoplebythismeans。Theywhomnecessityorcovetousnesskeepethattentontheirtradesandlabour;andthey,ontheotherside,whomsuperfluityorslothcarriethaftertheirsensualpleasureswhichtwosortsofmentakeupthegreatestpartofmankind,beingdivertedfromthedeepmeditationwhichtheoftruth,notonlyinthematterofnaturaljustice,butalsoofallothersciencesnecessarilyrequireth,receivethenotionsoftheirdutychieflyfromdivinesinthepulpit,andpartlyfromsuchoftheirneighboursorfamiliaracquaintanceashavingthefacultyofdiscoursingreadilyandplausiblyseemwiserandbetterlearnedincasesoflawandconsciencethanthemselves。Andthedivines,andsuchothersasmakeshowoflearning,derivetheirknowledgefromtheuniversities,andfromtheschoolsoflaw,orfromthebookswhichbymeneminentinthoseschoolsanduniversitieshavebeenpublished。Itisthereforemanifestthattheinstructionofthepeopledependethwhollyontherightteachingofyouthintheuniversities。Butarenot,maysomemansay,theuniversitiesofEnglandlearnedenoughalreadytodothat?Orisit,youwillundertaketoteachtheuniversities?Hardquestions。

  Yettothefirst,Idoubtnottoanswer:thattilltowardsthelatterendofHenrytheEighth,thepowerofthePopewasalwaysupheldagainstthepoweroftheCommonwealth,principallybytheuniversities;andthatthedoctrinesbysomanypreachersagainstthesovereignpoweroftheking,andbysomanylawyersandothersthathadtheireducationthere,isasufficientargumentthat,thoughtheuniversitieswerenotauthorsofthosefalsedoctrines,yettheyknewnothowtoplantthetrue。Forinsuchacontradictionofopinions,itismostcertainthattheyhavenotbeensufficientlyinstructed;anditisnowonder,iftheyyetretainarelishofthatsubtleliquorwherewiththeywerefirstseasonedagainstthecivilauthority。Buttothelatterquestion,itisnotfitnorneedfulformetosayeitherayeorno:foranymanthatseeswhatIamdoingmayeasilyperceivewhatIthink。

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