Again，menhavenopleasurebutonthecontraryagreatdealofgriefinkeepingcompanywherethereisnopowerabletooverawethemall。Foreverymanlookeththathiscompanionshouldvaluehimatthesameratehesetsuponhimself，anduponallsignsofcontemptorundervaluingnaturallyendeavours，asfarashedareswhichamongstthemthathavenocommonpowertokeeptheminquietisfarenoughtomakethemdestroyeachother，toextortagreatervaluefromhiscontemners，bydamage；andfromothers，bytheexample。
Sothatinthenatureofman，wefindthreeprincipalcausesofquarrel。First，competition；secondly，diffidence；thirdly，glory。
Thefirstmakethmeninvadeforgain；thesecond，forsafety；andthethird，forreputation。Thefirstuseviolence，tomakethemselvesmastersofothermen’spersons，wives，children，andcattle；thesecond，todefendthem；thethird，fortrifles，asaword，asmile，adifferentopinion，andanyothersignofundervalue，eitherdirectintheirpersonsorbyreflectionintheirkindred，theirfriends，theirnation，theirprofession，ortheirname。
Herebyitismanifestthatduringthetimemenlivewithoutacommonpowertokeepthemallinawe，theyareinthatconditionwhichiscalledwar；andsuchawarasisofeverymanagainsteveryman。Forwarconsistethnotinbattleonly，ortheactoffighting，butinatractoftime，whereinthewilltocontendbybattleissufficientlyknown：andthereforethenotionoftimeistobeconsideredinthenatureofwar，asitisinthenatureofweather。Forasthenatureoffoulweatherliethnotinashowerortwoofrain，butinaninclinationtheretoofmanydaystogether：sothenatureofwarconsistethnotinactualfighting，butintheknowndispositiontheretoduringallthetimethereisnoassurancetothecontrary。Allothertimeispeace。
Whatsoeverthereforeisconsequenttoatimeofwar，whereeverymanisenemytoeveryman，thesameconsequenttothetimewhereinmenlivewithoutothersecuritythanwhattheirownstrengthandtheirowninventionshallfurnishthemwithal。Insuchconditionthereisnoplaceforindustry，becausethefruitthereofisuncertain：andconsequentlynocultureoftheearth；nonavigation，noruseofthecommoditiesthatmaybeimportedbysea；nocommodiousbuilding；noinstrumentsofmovingandremovingsuchthingsasrequiremuchforce；noknowledgeofthefaceoftheearth；noaccountoftime；noarts；noletters；nosociety；andwhichisworstofall，continualfear，anddangerofviolentdeath；andthelifeofman，solitary，poor，nasty，brutish，andshort。