LEVIATHAN

第13章

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第13章

LEVIATHAN Thomas Hobbes

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LEVIATHAN
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  Andthoughafterdeaththerebenosenseofthepraisegivenusonearth,asbeingjoysthatareeitherswallowedupintheunspeakablejoysofheavenorextinguishedintheextremetormentsofhell:yetisnotsuchfamevain;becausemenhaveapresentdelighttherein,fromtheforesightofit,andofthebenefitthatmayredoundtherebytotheirposterity:whichthoughtheynowseenot,yettheyimagine;

  andanythingthatispleasureinthesense,thesamealsoispleasureintheimagination。

  Tohavereceivedfromone,towhomwethinkourselvesequal,greaterbenefitsthanthereishopetorequite,disposethtocounterfeitlove,butreallysecrethatred,andputsamanintotheestateofadesperatedebtorthat,indecliningthesightofhiscreditor,tacitlywisheshimtherewherehemightneverseehimmore。Forbenefitsoblige;andobligationisthraldom;andunrequitableobligation,perpetualthraldom;whichistoone’sequal,hateful。Buttohavereceivedbenefitsfromonewhomweacknowledgeforsuperiorinclinestolove;becausetheobligationisnonewdepression:andcheerfulacceptationwhichmencallgratitudeissuchanhonourdonetotheobligerasistakengenerallyforretribution。Alsotoreceivebenefits,thoughfromanequal,orinferior,aslongasthereishopeofrequital,disposethtolove:forintheintentionofthereceiver,theobligationisofaidandservicemutual;fromwhenceproceedethanemulationofwhoshallexceedinbenefiting;themostnobleandprofitablecontentionpossible,whereinthevictorispleasedwithhisvictory,andtheotherrevengedbyconfessingit。

  Tohavedonemorehurttoamanthanhecanoriswillingtoexpiateinclineththedoertohatethesufferer。Forhemustexpectrevengeorforgiveness;bothwhicharehateful。

  Fearofoppressiondisposethamantoanticipateortoseekaidbysociety:forthereisnootherwaybywhichamancansecurehislifeandliberty。

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