OFREASONANDSCIENCE
WHENmanreasoneth，hedoesnothingelsebutconceiveasumtotal，fromadditionofparcels；orconceivearemainder，fromsubtractionofonesumfromanother：which，ifitbedonebywords，isconceivingoftheconsequenceofthenamesofalltheparts，tothenameofthewhole；orfromthenamesofthewholeandonepart，tothenameoftheotherpart。Andthoughinsomethings，asinnumbers，besidesaddingandsubtracting，mennameotheroperations，asmultiplyinganddividing；yettheyarethesame：formultiplicationisbutaddingtogetherofthingsequal；anddivision，butsubtractingofonething，asoftenaswecan。Theseoperationsarenotincidenttonumbersonly，buttoallmannerofthingsthatcanbeaddedtogether，andtakenoneoutofanother。Forasarithmeticiansteachtoaddandsubtractinnumbers，sothegeometriciansteachthesameinlines，figuressolidandsuperficial，angles，proportions，times，degreesofswiftness，force，power，andthelike；thelogiciansteachthesameinconsequencesofwords，addingtogethertwonamestomakeanaffirmation，andtwoaffirmationstomakeasyllogism，andmanysyllogismstomakeademonstration；andfromthesum，orconclusionofasyllogism，theysubtractonepropositiontofindtheother。Writersofpoliticsaddtogetherpactionstofindmen’sduties；
andlawyers，lawsandfactstofindwhatisrightandwrongintheactionsofprivatemen。Insum，inwhatmattersoeverthereisplaceforadditionandsubtraction，therealsoisplaceforreason；andwherethesehavenoplace，therereasonhasnothingatalltodo。
Outofallwhichwemaydefinethatistosaydeterminewhatthatiswhichismeantbythiswordreasonwhenwereckonitamongstthefacultiesofthemind。Forreason，inthissense，isnothingbutreckoningthatis，addingandsubtractingoftheconsequencesofgeneralnamesagreeduponforthemarkingandsignifyingofourthoughts；Isaymarkingthem，whenwereckonbyourselves；andsignifying，whenwedemonstrateorapproveourreckoningstoothermen。
Andasinarithmeticunpractisedmenmust，andprofessorsthemselvesmayoften，err，andcastupfalse；soalsoinanyothersubjectofreasoning，theablest，mostattentive，andmostpractisedmenmaydeceivethemselves，andinferfalseconclusions；notbutthatreasonitselfisalwaysrightreason，aswellasarithmeticisacertainandinfallibleart：butnooneman’sreason，northereasonofanyonenumberofmen，makesthecertainty；nomorethananaccountisthereforewellcastupbecauseagreatmanymenhaveunanimouslyapprovedit。Andtherefore，aswhenthereisacontroversyinanaccount，thepartiesmustbytheirownaccordsetupforrightreasonthereasonofsomearbitrator，orjudge，towhosesentencetheywillbothstand，ortheircontroversymusteithercometoblows，orbeundecided，forwantofarightreasonconstitutedbyNature；soisitalsoinalldebatesofwhatkindsoever：andwhenmenthatthinkthemselveswiserthanallothersclamouranddemandrightreasonforjudge，yetseeknomorebutthatthingsshouldbedeterminedbynoothermen’sreasonbuttheirown，itisasintolerableinthesocietyofmen，asitisinplayaftertrumpisturnedtousefortrumponeveryoccasionthatsuitwhereoftheyhavemostintheirhand。Fortheydonothingelse，thatwillhaveeveryoftheirpassions，asitcomestobearswayinthem，tobetakenforrightreason，andthatintheirowncontroversies：bewrayingtheirwantofrightreasonbytheclaimtheylaytoit。