PrehistoricspoonandbuttonfoundinalakestationatSutzSwitzerland。
Althoughthepile-dwellingsofSwitzerlandandoftheTERREMARESofItalywouldappeartohavebeeninthemselvesprotectionenough，theirinhabitantsdidnotneglectothermeansofdefence，fromwhichwemaygatherthattheywereengagedinconstantandterriblestruggles。TheTERREMARESweregenerallysurroundedbyatalusorrampartofearth，withanexternalfossewhichprotectedtheapproachestothedwellings。TherampartofCastioneParma，whichdatesfromtheBronzeage，wasevenstrengthenedinsidewithlargetimbercaissons。[223]InSwitzerland，someworksrecentlyundertakentodeflectthecourseoftheAar，onitsexitfromLakeBienne，haveledtothediscoveryofavillageoftheStoneage，withthebridgesleadingtoitandthelittlefortsintendedtoprotectit。[224]Ashavetheneighboringsettlements，thisstationhasyieldedagreatmanyarrows，hatchets，scrapers，andharpoons。Wegiveanillustrationofacuriousmarrowspoon，andofaroundobjectwhichseemstohavebeenabuttonFig。84，astheymarktheprogressmade。
GreatBritainisintersectedbylinesoffortificationsofunknownorigin，butcertainlyofextremeantiquity。WemaymentionDane’sDyke，Wandyke，theDevil’sDykeatNewmarket，andOffa’sDyke，runningfromtheBristolChanneltotheDee，anddividingEnglandfromWales。Ancientcampsandintrenchments，SirJohnLubbocktellsus，crownthegreaternumberofthehillsofEngland。GeneralPitt-RiversexploredseveralofthesecampsinthecountyofSussex。Manyextendoverconsiderableareas，andallcontainnumerousworkedflintsandotherrelicsofprehistoricindustry。Theserelicsaremetwithingreatnumbersatthebaseoftheintrenchments，sothatwemayjustlyconcludethattheydatefromthesameepoch。
ThemostcelebratedofthesecampsisthatofCissbury，threemilesnorthofWorthing。WemayalsomentionthatofHod-HillinDorsetshire，whichgreatlyresemblestheoneatCissbury，butwewilldescribethelatterinsomedetail。[225]Itissituatedonasomewhatloftyplateauofirregularform，itssitehavingbeenchosenwithgreatskillasoneofferinggreatfacilitiesfordefence。Theearthenrampartsandthefossesprotectingthemcoveranareaofsixtyacres，andtheirimportancevariesaccordingtothereliefoftheground；thusthethicknessofthewallsisverymuchgreaterontheeasternsidewhereanattackwouldhavebeenmostfraughtwithdanger；fourdoorsgiveaccesstotheinterior，andoneachsideofthesedoorsareruinsofrectangularstructuresstrengtheningtheirdefence。Archaeologists，however，areofopinionthattheseredoubts，thoughtheirconstructionisexactlysimilartotherestofthefortifications，areofmorerecentdate。InfactRomantileshavebeenfoundamongsttheruins，butthesereallyprovenothing，aseveryoneisagreedthatCissburywasoccupiedbytheRomansafterthesubjugationofEnglandbythem；
andtheonlypointatissueisreallywhetherthewallsofwhichtheruinsstillremaindatefromtheRomanperiod，orfromtimespriortotheirarrival。Weourselvesleantothelatteropinion，asdrinking-waterisabsolutelywanting；averyimportantpoint，astheRomangeneralsalwaysmadeittheirfirstcaretopitchtheircampsnearagoodwater-supply。OnthewesternslopeatCissburyoneachsideoftherampartsarefiftyfunnel-shapeddepressions，someofwhichareasmuchasseventyfeetindiameterandtwelvefeetdeep。Theseholesmayhaveservedasrefuges，andthelargeroneswerecertainlylivedin，asisprovedbythecharredstonesofthehearthsandthepiecesofcharcoalfoundnearthem；moreover，Tacitus[226]