Thetracesofthisinitial，undifferentiatedpeaceablephaseofcultureseemfaintanddoubtfulifwelookmerelytosuchcategoricalevidenceofitsexistenceasisaffordedbyusagesandviewsinvoguewithinthehistoricalpresent，whetherincivilizedorinrudecommunities；butlessdubiousevidenceofitsexistenceistobefoundinpsychologicalsurvivals，inthewayofpersistentandpervadingtraitsofhumancharacter。Thesetraitssurviveperhapsinanespecialdegreeamongthoseethicelementswhichwerecrowdedintothebackgroundduringthepredatoryculture。Traitsthatweresuitedtotheearlierhabitsoflifethenbecamerelativelyuselessintheindividualstruggleforexistence。Andthoseelementsofthepopulation，orthoseethnicgroups，whichwerebytemperamentlessfittedtothepredatorylifewererepressedandpushedintothebackground。
Onthetransitiontothepredatoryculturethecharacterofthestruggleforexistencechangedinsomedegreefromastruggleofthegroupagainstanon-humanenvironmenttoastruggleagainstahumanenvironment。Thischangewasaccompaniedbyanincreasingantagonismandconsciousnessofantagonismbetweentheindividualmembersofthegroup。Theconditionsofsuccesswithinthegroup，aswellastheconditionsofthesurvivalofthegroup，changedinsomemeasure；andthedominantspiritualattitudeforthegroupgraduallychanged，andbroughtadifferentrangeofaptitudesandpropensitiesintothepositionoflegitimatedominanceintheacceptedschemeoflife。Amongthesearchaictraitsthataretoberegardedassurvivalsfromthepeaceableculturalphase，arethatinstinctofracesolidaritywhichwecallconscience，includingthesenseoftruthfulnessandequity，andtheinstinctofworkmanship，initsnaive，non-invidiousexpression。
Undertheguidanceofthelaterbiologicalandpsychologicalscience，humannaturewillhavetoberestatedintermsofhabit；
andintherestatement，this，inoutline，appearstobetheonlyassignableplaceandgroundofthesetraits。Thesehabitsoflifeareoftoopervadingacharactertobeascribedtotheinfluenceofalateorbriefdiscipline。Theeasewithwhichtheyaretemporarilyoverbornebythespecialexigenciesofrecentandmodernlifearguesthatthesehabitsarethesurvivingeffectsofadisciplineofextremelyancientdate，fromtheteachingsofwhichmenhavefrequentlybeenconstrainedtodepartindetailunderthealteredcircumstancesofalatertime；andthealmostubiquitousfashioninwhichtheyassertthemselveswheneverthepressureofspecialexigenciesisrelieved，arguesthattheprocessbywhichthetraitswerefixedandincorporatedintothespiritualmakeupofthetypemusthavelastedforarelativelyverylongtimeandwithoutseriousintermission。Thepointisnotseriouslyaffectedbyanyquestionastowhetheritwasaprocessofhabituationintheold-fashionedsenseofthewordoraprocessofselectiveadaptationoftherace。
Thecharacterandexigenciesoflife，underthatregimeofstatusandofindividualandclassantithesiswhichcoverstheentireintervalfromthebeginningofpredatoryculturetothepresent，arguethatthetraitsoftemperamenthereunderdiscussioncouldscarcelyhavearisenandacquiredfixityduringthatinterval。Itisentirelyprobablethatthesetraitshavecomedownfromanearliermethodoflife，andhavesurvivedthroughtheintervalofpredatoryandquasi-peaceablecultureinaconditionofincipient，oratleastimminent，desuetude，ratherthanthattheyhavebeenbroughtoutandfixedbythislaterculture。Theyappeartobehereditarycharacteristicsoftherace，andtohavepersistedinspiteofthealteredrequirementsofsuccessunderthepredatoryandthelaterpecuniarystagesofculture。Theyseemtohavepersistedbyforceofthetenacityoftransmissionthatbelongstoanhereditarytraitthatispresentinsomedegreeineverymemberofthespecies，andwhichthereforerestsonabroadbasisofracecontinuity。