The Theory of the Leisure Class

第6章

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第6章

The Theory of the Leisure Class Thorstein Veblen

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The Theory of the Leisure Class
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  Theorigin,orbetterthederivation,ofmannersisnodoubt,tobesoughtelsewherethaninaconsciouseffortonthepartofthewell-manneredtoshowthatmuchtimehasbeenspentinacquiringthem。Theproximateendofinnovationandelaborationhasbeenthehighereffectivenessofthenewdepartureinpointofbeautyorofexpressiveness。Ingreatparttheceremonialcodeofdecoroususagesowesitsbeginninganditsgrowthtothedesiretoconciliateortoshowgoodwill,asanthropologistsandsociologistsareinthehabitofassuming,andthisinitialmotiveisrarelyifeverabsentfromtheconductofwell-manneredpersonsatanystageofthelaterdevelopment。

  Manners,wearetold,areinpartanelaborationofgesture,andinparttheyaresymbolicalandconventionalisedsurvivalsrepresentingformeractsofdominanceorofpersonalserviceorofpersonalcontact。Inlargeparttheyareanexpressionoftherelationofstatus,——asymbolicpantomimeofmasteryontheonehandandofsubservienceontheother。Whereveratthepresenttimethepredatoryhabitofmind,andtheconsequentattitudeofmasteryandofsubservience,givesitscharactertotheaccreditedschemeoflife,theretheimportanceofallpunctiliosofconductisextreme,andtheassiduitywithwhichtheceremonialobservanceofrankandtitlesisattendedtoapproachescloselytotheidealsetbythebarbarianofthequasi-peaceablenomadicculture。SomeoftheContinentalcountriesaffordgoodillustrationsofthisspiritualsurvival。

  Inthesecommunitiesthearchaicidealissimilarlyapproachedasregardstheesteemaccordedtomannersasafactofintrinsicworth。

  Decorumsetoutwithbeingsymbolandpantomimeandwithhavingutilityonlyasanexponentofthefactsandqualitiessymbolised;butitpresentlysufferedthetransmutationwhichcommonlypassesoversymbolicalfactsinhumanintercourse。

  Mannerspresentlycame,inpopularapprehension,tobepossessedofasubstantialutilityinthemselves;theyacquiredasacramentalcharacter,ingreatmeasureindependentofthefactswhichtheyoriginallyprefigured。Deviationsfromthecodeofdecorumhavebecomeintrinsicallyodioustoallmen,andgoodbreedingis,ineverydayapprehension,notsimplyanadventitiousmarkofhumanexcellence,butanintegralfeatureoftheworthyhumansoul。Therearefewthingsthatsotouchuswithinstinctiverevulsionasabreachofdecorum;andsofarhaveweprogressedinthedirectionofimputingintrinsicutilitytotheceremonialobservancesofetiquettethatfewofus,ifany,candissociateanoffenceagainstetiquettefromasenseofthesubstantialunworthinessoftheoffender。Abreachoffaithmaybecondoned,butabreachofdecorumcannot。“Mannersmakethman。“

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