Methods of Ethics

第22章

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第22章

Methods of Ethics Henry Sidgwick

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Methods of Ethics
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  oursoleconcernatpresentiswithobjectionstendingtoshowtheintrinsicimpracticabilityofHedonismasarationalmethod。

  Wearemet,inthefirstplace,byanobjectionwhich,ifvalidatall,mustbeadmittedtobedecisive。IthasbeenaffirmedbyGreenthat``pleasureasfeeling,indistinctionfromitsconditionsthatarenotfeelings,cannotbeconceived’’。Ifso,RationalHedonismwouldcertainlybeimpossible:

  butthepropositionseemsequallyopposedtocommonsense,andtotheuniversalassumptionofempiricalpsychologists;who,ininvestigatingelaboratelyandsystematicallytheconditions,mentalandphysical,ofpleasureandpain,necessarilyassumethatthesefeelingscanbedistinguishedinthoughtfromtheir``conditionswhicharenotfeelings’’。IalsofindthatthewriterhimselffromwhomIhavequoted,inalatertreatise,conductslongargumentsrespectingpleasurewhichareonlyintelligibleifthedistinctionbetweenpleasureanditsconditionsisthoroughlygraspedandsteadilycontemplated。Indeedhecarriesadistinctionofthiskindtoanextremepointofsubtlety;asberequiresustodistinguishthe``self-satisfactionsoughtinalldesirethatamountstowill’’fromthe``pleasure’’that``thereisinallself-satisfactionifattained’’:whereasothermoralistsregardself-satisfactionasaspeciesofpleasure。Tomaintainthatwecandistinguishpleasurefromself-satisfactionandcannotdistinguishitfromitsconditions,seemstometooviolentaparadoxtoneedrefutation。

  ItispossiblethatGreenmayonlymeanthatpleasurecannotbethoughttoexistapartfromconditionswhicharenotfeelings,andthatitnecessarilyvarieswithanyvariationinitsconditions。ThestatementthusinterpretedIdonotdeny:butitisquiteirrelevanttothequestionwhetherpleasurecanbeestimatedseparatelyfromitsconditions,orwhetherpleasuresreceivedunderdifferentconditionscanbequantitativelycompared。Icannothavethepleasureofwitnessingatragedyorthepleasureofwitnessingafarce,withouthavingalongwitheitheracomplexofinnumerablethoughtsandimages,verydiverseinqualityinthetwocases:butthisdoesnotpreventmefromdecidingconfidentlywhetherthetragedyorthefarcewillaffordmemostpleasureonthewhole。

  passtoanotherobjectionmadebythesamewritertotheHedonisticconceptionofthesupremeendofactionas``thegreatestpossiblesumofpleasures’’。

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