Thepsychologicalobservationsonwhichmyargumentisbasedwillnotperhapsbedirectlycontroverted，atleasttosuchanextentastoinvolvemymainconclusion:buttherearetwolinesofreasoningbywhichithasbeenattemptedtoweakentheforceofthisconclusionwithoutdirectlydenyingit。Inthefirstplace，itisurgedthatPleasure，thoughnottheonlyconsciousaimofhumanaction，isyetalwaystheresulttowhichitisunconsciouslydirected。Thepropositionwouldbedifficulttodisprove；sincenoonedeniesthatpleasureinsomedegreenormallyaccompaniestheattainmentofadesiredend:andwhenoncewegobeyondthetestimonyofconsciousnessthereseemstobenoclearmethodofdeterminingwhichamongtheconsequencesofanyactionistheendatwhichitisaimed。Forthesamereason，however，thepropositionisatanyrateequallydifficulttoprove。ButIshouldgofurther，andmaintainthatifweseriouslysetourselvestoconsiderhumanactiononitsunconsciousside，wecanonlyconceiveitasacombinationofmovementsofthepartsofamaterialorganism:andthatifwetrytoascertainwhatthe`end’inanycaseofsuchmovementsis，itisreasonabletoconcludethatitissomematerialresult，someorganicconditionconducivetothepreservationeitheroftheindividualorganismoroftheracetowhichitbelongs。Infact，thedoctrinethatpleasureortheabsenceofpain
istheendofallhumanactioncanneitherbesupportedbytheresultsofintrospection，norbytheresultsofexternalobservationandinference:
itratherseemstobereachedbyanarbitraryandillegitimatecombinationofthetwo。
Butagain，itissometimessaidthatwhateverbethecasewithourpresentadultconsciousness，ouroriginalimpulseswerealldirectedtowardspleasureorfrompain，andthatanyimpulsesotherwisedirectedarederivedfromtheseby``associationofideas’’。Icanfindnoevidencethateventendstoprovethis:sofaraswecanobservetheconsciousnessofchildren，thetwoelements，extra-regardingimpulseanddesireforpleasure，seemtocoexistinthesamemannerastheydoinmaturelife。Insofarasthereisanydifference，itseemstobeintheoppositedirection；astheactionsofchildren，beingmoreinstinctiveandlessreflective，aremorepromptedbyextra-regardingimpulse，andlessbyconsciousaimatpleasure。Nodoubtthetwokindsofimpulse，aswetracebackthedevelopmentofconsciousness，graduallybecomeindistinguishable:
butthisobviouslydoesnotjustifyusinidentifyingwitheitherofthetwothemoreindefiniteimpulseoutofwhichbothhavebeendeveloped。