Villainage in England

第40章

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第40章

Villainage in England Paul Vinogradoff

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Villainage in England
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  Unhappilytheartificialfeaturesofthesystemhavebeenmadebymoderninquirersthestartingpointofveryfar-reachingtheoriesandsuppositions。Seebohmhasproposedanexplanationoftheintermixtureofstripsasoriginatinginthepracticeofcoaration。Hearguesthatitwasnaturaltodividethelandtilledbyamixedplough-teamamongtheownersoftheseveralbeastsandimplements。Everymangotastripaccordingtoacertainsettledandever-recurringsuccession。IdonotpretendtojudgeofthevalueoftheinterestinginstancesadducedbySeebohmfromCelticpractices,butwhateverthearrangementinWalesorIrelandmayhavebeen,theexplanationdoesnotsuittheEnglishcase。Adoubtiscastonitalreadybythefactthatsuchauniversalfeatureastheintermixtureofstripsappearsconnectedwiththeoccurrenceofsuchaspecialinstrumentastheeight-oxenplough,TheintermixtureisquitethesameinCentralRussia,wheretheytillwithonehorse,andinEnglandwheremoreorlessbigploughswereused。thedoubtincreaseswhenwereflectthatifthestripsfollowedeachotheraspartsoftheplough-team,thegreatownerswouldhavebeenpossessedofcompactplots。Everyholderofanentirehidewouldhavebeenoutoftheintermixture,andeveryvirgaterwouldhavestoodinconjunctionwithasequenceofthreeothertenants。Neithertheonenortheotherinferenceissupportedbythefacts。TheobservationthatthepeasantryarecommonlyprovidedwithsmallploughsdrawnbyfourbeastsruinsSeebohm’shypothesisentirely。

  Onewouldhavetosupposethatmostfieldsweredividedintotwoparts,asthemajorityofthetenementsareyardlandswithhalfateam。Theonlyadequateexplanationoftheopen-fieldintermixturehasbeengivenabove;ithasitsrootsinthewishtoequalisetheholdingsastothequantityandqualityofthelandassignedtotheminspiteofalldifferencesintheshape,theposition,andthevalueofthesoil。

  BeforeIleavethequestionastotheholdingsofthefeudalpeasantry,ImustmentionsometermswhichoccurindifferentpartsofEngland,althoughmorerarelythantheusualhidesandvirgates。64*OfthesulungIhavespokenalready。Itisafullploughland,and200acresarecommonlyreckonedtobelongtoit。

  ThenameissometimesfoundoutofKent,inEssexforinstance。

  InTillingham,amanorofSt。Paul’sofLondon,wecomeacrosssixhides’triumsolandarum’。65*Themostprobableexplanationseemstobethatthehideorunitofassessmentiscontrastedwiththesolandaorsullandsulung,thatiswiththeactualploughland,andtwohidesarereckonedasasinglesolanda。

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