Obser。2。Ifartherconclude，thatnothingistobegatheredfromthoseworks，whichshouldengageustoentertainahighopinionofthewealth，orotherspeciesofmagnificenceinthepeoplewhoexecutedthem。Allthatcanbedeterminedpositivelyconcerningtheireconomyastothisparticular，is，thatatthetimetheywereperformed，agriculturemusthavebeenexercisedasatrade，inordertofurnishasurplussufficienttomaintaintheworkmen；orthatsubsistencemusthavecomefromabroad，eitherasareturnforotherspeciesofindustry，orgratuitously，thatis，byrapine，tribute，&c。
Obser。3。Thattheconsequenceofsuchworks，is，tomakemeat，drink，andnecessariescirculatefromthehandsofthosewhohaveasuperfluityofthem，intothosewhoareemployedtolabour；ortoobligethosewhoformerlyworkedforthemselvesonly，toworkalsoinpartforothers。Toexecutethis，theremustbeasubordination:forwhowillincreasehislabour，voluntarily，inordertofeedpeoplewhodonotworkforhimself，butforthepublic？Thiscombinationwasneglectedthroughoutthefirstbook；becausewethereleftmankindatlibertytofollowthebentoftheirinclinations。Thiswasnecessarytogivearightideaofthesubjectwethenintendedtotreat，andtopointoutthedifferenteffectsofslaveryandliberty；butnow，thatwehaveformedtradingnations，andrivetedamultitudeofreciprocaldependences，whichtiethemembersofthemtogether，thereislessdangerinintroducingrestraints；becausetheadvantageswhichpeoplefind，fromlivinginawellorderedsociety，makethemputupthebetterwiththeinconveniencesofsupportingandimprovingit。Itisanuniversalprinciple，thatinstructionshouldbegivenwithgentleness。Ayounghorseistobecarressedwhenthesaddleisfirstputuponhisback:anythingthatappearsharsh，letitbeeversousefulornecessary，mustbeforborninthebeginning，inordertocaptivatetheinclinationofthecreaturewhichweinclinetoinstruct。
Obser。4。Whenastatesmanknowstheextentandqualityoftheterritoryofhiscountry，soastobeabletoestimatewhatnumbersitmayfeed；hemaylaydownhisplanofpoliticaleconomy，andchalkoutadistributionofinhabitants，asifthenumberwerealreadycompleat。Itwilldependuponhisjudgmentalone，anduponthecombinationofcircumstances，foreignanddomestic，todistribute，andtoemploytheclasses，ateveryperiodduringthisexecution，inthebestmannertoadvanceagriculture，soastobringallthelandstoathoroughcultivation。Arulingprinciplehere，is，tokeepthehusbandmancloselyemployed，thattheirsurplusmaybecarriedashighaspossible；becausethissurplusisthemainspringofallalienationandindustry。Thenextthingistomakethissurpluscirculate；nomanmusteatofitfornothing。Whataprodigiousdifferencedoesapersonfind，whenheconsiderstwocountries，equallygreat，equallyfertile，equallycultivated，equallypeopled，theoneundertheeconomyhererepresented；theother，whereeveryoneisemployedinfeedingandprovidingforhimselfonly。
Astatesman，therefore，undersuchcircumstances，shouldreasonthus:Ihaveacountrywhichmaintainsamillionofinhabitants，Isuppose，andwhichiscapableofmaintainingasmanymore；Ifindeveryoneemployedinprovidingforhimself，andconsideringthesimplicityoftheirmanners，afarlessnumberwillbesufficienttodoallthework:theconsequenceis，thatmanyarealmostidle，whileothers，whohavemanychildren，arestarving。Letmecallmypeopletogether，andshewthemtheinconvenienceofhavingnoroads。Hethenproposesthateveryonewhochoosestoapplytothiswork，shallbefedandtakencareofbythecommunity，andhislandsdistributedtothosewhoinclinetotakethem。Theadvantageisfelt，thepeopleareengagedtoworkalittleharder，soastoundertakethecultivationoftheportionsofthosewhohaveabandonedthem。Uponthisrevolution，labourisincreased，thesoilcontinuescultivatedasbefore，andtheadditionallabourofthefarmersappearsinafinehighroad。
Isthisanymorethanamethodtoengageonepartofapeopletolabour，inordertomaintainanother？