Domesday Book and Beyond

第9章

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第9章

Domesday Book and Beyond Frederic William Maitland

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Domesday Book and Beyond
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  CountEustacetonameafewhad12,GeoffreydeMandeville2,theAbbotofWestminster4,theAbbessofBarking3,andseeminglytothesehousesnostripsinthearablefieldswereattached。79*Thus,thoughmanyoftheburgessesmaytillthesoil,theboroughcommunityisnotanagrariancommunity。Wecannottreatitasavillagecommunitythathasprosperedandslowlychangeditshabits。Anewprinciplehasbeenintroduced,anelementofheterogeneity。Themenwhomeeteachotherincourtandmarket,themenwhowillhereafterfarmthecourtandmarket,arenottheshareholdersinanagriculturalconcern。

  Thattenurialheterogeneityofwhichwehavebeenspeakinghadanotherimportanteffect。Wheninlaterdaysaruralmanorisbeingraisedtotherankofaliberburgus,theintroductionof\'burgagetenure\'seemstoberegardedastheveryessenceoftheenfranchisement。80*Probablythisfeaturehadappearedinmanyboroughsatanearlydate。ThelordwithlandsinOxfordshiremayhavebeenboundtokeepafewhousesandretainersinOxford。If,however,thecommercialelementinthetownbegantogetthebetterofthemilitaryelement,ifOxfordbecameacentreoftrade,thenahouseinOxfordcouldbeletforamoneyrent。InDomesdayBookthebaronsaredrawingrentsfromtheirboroughhouses。Ifanyreturnistobemadebytheoccupiertotheowneritwilltaketheformofamoneyrent;itcanhardlytakeanotherform。Thustenureatamoneyrentwouldbecomethetypicaltenureofaburgagetenement。Itwillbeasecurelyheritabletenure,becausethelandlordisanabsenteeandhastoofewtenantsinthetowntorequirethecareofaresidentreeve。Buttheremayhavebeenmanydwellersinsomeoftheboroughswhowereboundtohelpinthecultivationofastretchofroyalorepiscopaldemesnethatlayclosetothewalls。Inthewestsomeoftheking\'sburgessesseemtohavebeenholdingunderonerousterms。

  AtShrewsbury,whichliesneartheborderofWaleswhereeverygirl\'smarriagegaverisetoanamobyr,amaidhadtopayten,awidowtwentyshillingswhenshetookahusband,andareliefoftenshillingswasduewhenaburgessdied。81*AtHerefordthereeve\'sconsentwasnecessarywhenaburgagewastobesold,andhetookathirdoftheprice。WhenaburgessdiedthekinggothishorseandarmstheseHerefordburgesseswerefightingmen;

  ifhehadnohorse,thentenshillings\'orhislandwiththehouses。\'Anyonewhowastoopoortodohisservicemightabandonhistenementtothereevewithouthavingtopayforit。Suchanentryasthisseemstotellusthattheserviceswerenotrivialreturnforthetenement。82*

  Ontheotherhand,wemayseeatStamfordwhatseemtobetheremainsofaveryfreegroupofsettlers,presumablyDanes。Thetowncontainsamongotherhouses77housesofsokemen\'whoholdtheirlandsindemesneandseeklordswherevertheyplease,andoverwhomthekinghasnothingbutwiteandheriotandtoll。\'

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