ARTICLEII
OftheExpenseoftheInstitutionsfortheEducationofYouthTheinstitutionsfortheeducationoftheyouthmay，inthesamemanner，furnisharevenuesufficientfordefrayingtheirownexpense。Thefeeorhonorarywhichthescholarpaystothemasternaturallyconstitutesarevenueofthiskind。
Evenwheretherewardofthemasterdoesnotarisealtogetherfromthisnaturalrevenue，itstillisnotnecessarythatitshouldbederivedfromthatgeneralrevenueofthesociety，ofwhichthecollectionandapplicationis，inmostcountries，assignedtotheexecutivepower。ThroughthegreaterpartofEurope，accordingly，theendowmentofschoolsandcollegesmakeseithernochargeuponthatgeneralrevenue，orbutaverysmallone。Iteverywhereariseschieflyfromsomelocalorprovincialrevenue，fromtherentofsomelandedestate，orfromtheinterestofsomesumofmoneyallottedandputunderthemanagementoftrusteesforthisparticularpurpose，sometimesbythesovereignhimself，andsometimesbysomeprivatedonor。
Havethosepublicendowmentscontributedingeneraltopromotetheendoftheirinstitution？Havetheycontributedtoencouragethediligenceandtoimprovetheabilitiesoftheteachers？Havetheydirectedthecourseofeducationtowardsobjectsmoreuseful，bothtotheindividualandtothepublic，thanthosetowhichitwouldnaturallyhavegoneofitsownaccord？Itshouldnotseemverydifficulttogiveatleastaprobableanswertoeachofthosequestions。
Ineveryprofession，theexertionofthegreaterpartofthosewhoexerciseitisalwaysinproportiontothenecessitytheyareunderofmakingthatexertion。Thisnecessityisgreatestwiththosetowhomtheemolumentsoftheirprofessionaretheonlysourcefromwhichtheyexpecttheirfortune，oreventheirordinaryrevenueandsubsistence。Inordertoacquirethisfortune，oreventogetthissubsistence，theymust，inthecourseofayear，executeacertainquantityofworkofaknownvalue;and，wherethecompetitionisfree，therivalshipofcompetitors，whoareallendeavouringtojustleoneanotheroutofemployment，obligeseverymantoendeavourtoexecutehisworkwithacertaindegreeofexactness。Thegreatnessoftheobjectswhicharetobeacquiredbysuccessinsomeparticularprofessionsmay，nodoubt，sometimesanimatetheexertionofafewmenofextraordinaryspiritandambition。Greatobjects，however，areevidentlynotnecessaryinordertooccasionthegreatestexertions。Rivalshipandemulationrenderexcellency，eveninmeanprofessions，anobjectofambition，andfrequentlyoccasiontheverygreatestexertions。Greatobjects，onthecontrary，aloneandunsupportedbythenecessityofapplication，haveseldombeensufficienttooccasionanyconsiderableexertion。InEngland，successintheprofessionofthelawleadstosomeverygreatobjectsofambition;andyethowfewmen，borntoeasyfortunes，haveeverinthiscountrybeeneminentinthatprofession！