Speakingofaninventionfordressingwarps:\"Thenthecombinedmalcontents，whofanciedthemselvesimpregnablyentrenchedbehindtheoldlinesofdivisionoflabour，foundtheirflanksturnedandtheirdefencesrendereduselessbythenewmechanicaltactics，andwereobligedtosurrenderatdiscretion。\"Withregardtotheinventionoftheself—actingmule，hesays:\"Acreationdestinedtorestoreorderamongtheindustriousclasses……Thisinventionconfirmsthegreatdoctrinealreadypropounded，thatwhencapitalenlistsscienceintoherservice，therefractoryhandoflabourwillalwaysbetaughtdocility。\"[130]AlthoughUre’sworkappeared30yearsago，atatimewhenthefactorysystemwascomparativelybutlittledeveloped，itstillperfectlyexpressesthespiritofthefactory，notonlybyitsundisguisedcynicism，butalsobythenalvetéwithwhichitblurtsoutthestupidcontradictionsofthecapitalistbrain。Forinstance，afterpropoundingthe\"doctrine\"statedabove，thatcapital，withtheaidofsciencetakenintoitspay，alwaysreducestherefractoryhandoflabourtodocility，hegrowsindignantbecause\"it（physico—mechanicalscience）hasbeenaccusedoflendingitselftotherichcapitalistasaninstrumentforharassingthepoor。\"Afterpreachingalongsermontoshowhowadvantageoustherapiddevelopmentofmachineryistotheworking—classes，hewarnsthem，thatbytheirobstinacyandtheirstrikestheyhastenthatdevelopment。\"Violentrevulsionsofthisnature，\"hesays，\"displayshort—sightedmaninthecontemptiblecharacterofaself—tormentor。\"Afewpagesbeforehestatesthecontrary。\"Haditnotbeenfortheviolentcollisionsandinterruptionsresultingfromerroneousviewsamongthefactoryoperatives，thefactorysystemwouldhavebeendevelopedstillmorerapidlyandbeneficiallyforallconcerned。\"Thenheexclaimsagain:\"FortunatelyforthestateofsocietyinthecottondistrictsofGreatBritain，theimprovementsinmachineryaregradual’\"\"It\"（improvementinmachinery）\"issaidtolowertherateofearningsofadultsbydisplacingaportionofthem，andthusrenderingtheirnumbersuperabundantascomparedwiththedemandfortheirlabour。
Itcertainlyaugmentsthedemandforthelabourofchildrenandincreasestherateoftheirwages。’Ontheotherhand，thissamedispenserofconsolationdefendsthelownessofthechildren’swagesonthegroundthatitpreventsparentsfromsendingtheirchildrenattooearlyanageintothefactory。Thewholeofhisbookisavindicationofaworking—dayofunrestrictedlength;thatParliamentshouldforbidchildrenof13yearstobeexhaustedbyworking12hoursaday，remindshisliberalsoulofthedarkestdaysofthemiddleages。ThisdoesnotpreventhimfromcallinguponthefactoryoperativestothankProvidence，whobymeansofmachineryhasgiventhemtheleisuretothinkoftheir\"immortalinterests。\"[131]
SECTION6。THETHEORYOFCOMPENSATIONASREGARDSTHEWORKPEOPLEDISPLACEDBYMACHINERY
JamesMill，MacCulloch，Torrens，Senior，JohnStuartMill，andawholeseriesbesides，ofbourgeoispoliticaleconomists，insistthatallmachinerythatdisplacesworkmen，simultaneouslyandnecessarilysetsfreeanamountofcapitaladequatetoemploythesameidenticalworkmen。[132]
Supposeacapitalisttoemploy100workmen，at£30ayeareach，inacarpetfactory。Thevariablecapitalannuallylaidoutamounts，therefore，to£3，000。Suppose，also，thathedischarges50ofhisworkmen，andemploystheremaining50withmachinerythatcostshim£1，500。Tosimplifymatters，wetakenoaccountofbuildings，coal，&c。Furthersupposethattherawmaterialannuallyconsumedcosts£3，000，bothbeforeandafterthechange。[133]Isanycapitalsetfreebythismetamorphosis？Beforethechange，thetotalsumof£6，000consistedhalfofconstant，andhalfofvariablecapital。