issupplementedbyabeliefthatbyworkingtoohardhedeprivessomeotherworkerofajob。ScientificManagement，therefore，setsitselftoworkoutbyexperimenttheexacttoolormachineappropriatetoeachaction，themosteconomicalandeffectivewaybywhichaworkercanworkthetoolormachine，andthebestmethodofselectingworkersforeachjobandofstimulatingthemtoperformeachactionwiththegreatestaccuracyandcelerity。Bymeansofstrictlyquantitativetestsitworksoutstandardtools，standardmethodsofworkandstandardtestsfortheselection，organisation，stimulation，andsupervisionoftheworkman。
Inhisexpositionofthiseconomy1Mr。Taylortakesashissimplestillustrationofchoiceoftoolsthe\'art\'ofshovelling。Lefttohimself，orworkingwithagang，theshovellerwilluseashovelwhoseweight，size，andshapehaveneverbeenconsideredinrelationtotheparticularmaterialithastomoveorthesortofmanwhohastouseit。\'Byfirstselectingtwoorthreefirst-classshovellers，andpayingthemextrawagesfordoingtrustworthywork，andthengraduallyvaryingtheshovelloadandhavingalltheconditionsaccompanyingtheworkcarefullyobservedforseveralweeksbymenwhowereaccustomedtoexperimenting，itwasfoundthatafirst-classmanwoulddothebiggestday\'sworkwithashovelloadofabout21pounds。\'2Asaresultofthisdiscovery，insteadofallowingeachshovellertochoosehisownshovel，thecompanyprovidedeightortendifferentkindsofshovelsaccommodatedtotheweightofdifferentmaterialsandtootherspecial
conditions。Again，thousandsofstop-watchobservationsweremadetodiscoverhowquicklyalabourer，providedwithhispropershovel，couldpushtheshovelintothematerialsanddrawitoutproperlyloaded。Asimilarstudywasmadeof\'thetimerequiredtoswingtheshovelbackwardandthenthrowtheloadforagivenhorizontaldistance，accompaniedbyagivenheight。\'Withtheknowledgethusobtaineditwaspossibleforthemandirectingshovellers，firsttoteachthemtheexactmethodofusingtheirstrengthtothebestadvantage，andthentoassignthedailytaskbywhichtheycouldearnthebonuspaidforthesuccessfulperformanceofthistask。
For，thoughtheskilleddirectorcanprescribetherighttoolandtherightmethod，hecannotgettherequiredresultwithoutthewillingcooperationoftheindividualworker。Forthispurposeabonusisapplied，thesizeofwhichisitselfasubjectofscientificexperiment。Therelationofthisbonustotheordinarydayorpiecewagewillvarywiththevarioustypesofworkandworkers。IntheBethlehemSteelWorksitwasfoundthatthebesteffectinstimulatingenergywasgotbyabonusofabout60percent，beyondthewagesusuallypaid。\'Thisincreaseinwagestendstomakethemnotonlythriftybutbettermenineveryway；theyliveratherbetter，begintosavemoney，becomemoresober，andworkmoresteadily。When，ontheotherhand，theyreceivemuchmorethana60percentincreaseofwages，manyofthemwillworkirregularlyandtendtobecomemoreorlessshiftless，extravagant，anddissipated。Ourexperimentsshowed，inotherwords，thatitdoesnotdoformostmentogetrichtoofast。\'3
Consideringthatitwasclaimedthattheresultofthisnewplanofworkwastoraisetheaveragedailyoutputpermanfrom16to59tons，andtosecureanannualsavinginthelabour-billamountingtobetween$75，000and$80，000，itwouldhavebeeninterestingtofollowtheeffectsofarapidadvanceofwealthuponthedividend-receiverswhogainedsodisproportionateashareoftheadvantagesoftheneweconomy。