An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

第3章

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第3章

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 佚名

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An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
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  Suppose,again,thathehasacquiredmoreexperience,andhaslivedsolongintheworldastohaveobservedfamiliarobjectsoreventstobeconstantlyconjoinedtogether;whatistheconsequenceofthisexperience?Heimmediatelyinferstheexistenceofoneobjectfromtheappearanceoftheother。Yethehasnot,byallhisexperience,acquiredanyideaorknowledgeofthesecretpowerbywhichtheoneobjectproducestheother;norisitbyanyprocessofreasoning,heisengagedtodrawthisinference。Butstillhefindshimselfdeterminedtodrawit:

  Andthoughheshouldbeconvincedthathisunderstandinghasnopartintheoperation,hewouldneverthelesscontinueinthesamecourseofthinking。Thereissomeotherprinciplewhichdetermineshimtoformsuchaconclusion。

  ThisprincipleisC/USTOM\\orH/ABIT\\。Forwherevertherepetitionofanyparticularactoroperationproducesapropensitytorenewthesameactoroperation,withoutbeingimpelledbyanyreasoningorprocessoftheunderstanding,wealwayssay,thatthispropensityistheeffectof。Byemployingthatword,wepretendnottohavegiventheultimatereasonofsuchapropensity。Weonlypointoutaprincipleofhumannature,whichisuniversallyacknowledged,andwhichiswellknownbyitseffects。

  Perhapswecanpushourenquiriesnofarther,orpretendtogivethecauseofthiscause;butmustrestcontentedwithitastheultimateprinciple,whichwecanassign,ofallourconclusionsfromexperience。Itissufficientsatisfaction,thatwecangosofar,withoutrepiningatthenarrownessofourfacultiesbecausetheywillcarryusnofarther。Anditiscertainwehereadvanceaveryintelligiblepropositionatleast,ifnotatrueone,whenweassertthat,aftertheconstantconjunctionoftwoobjects——heatandflame,forinstance,weightandsolidity——wearedeterminedbycustomalonetoexpecttheonefromtheappearanceoftheother。Thishypothesisseemseventheonlyonewhichexplainsthedifficulty,whywedraw,fromathousandinstances,aninferencewhichwearenotabletodrawfromoneinstance,thatis,innorespect,differentfromthem。Reasonisincapableofanysuchvariation。Theconclusionswhichitdrawsfromconsideringonecirclearethesamewhichitwouldformuponsurveyingallthecirclesintheuniverse。Butnoman,havingseenonlyonebodymoveafterbeingimpelledbyanother,couldinferthateveryotherbodywillmoveafteralikeimpulse。

  Allinferencesfromexperience,therefore,areeffectsofcustom,notofreasoning。[12]

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