Adam Smith

第11章

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第11章

Adam Smith Biographiq

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Adam Smith
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  AdamSmithalsodiffersfromHumenolessinhistheoryofthecauseofthebeautywhichresultsfromaperceptionofutilitythaninhistheoryoftheplaceassignabletoutilityintheprincipleofmoralapprobation。

  AccordingtoHume,theutilityofanyobjectisasourceofpleasurefromitssuggestionoftheconveniencyitisintendedtopromote,fromitsfitnesstoproducetheendintendedbyit。AdamSmithmaintains,ratherbywayofsupplementthanofcontradiction,thatthefitnessofathingtoproduceitsend,orthehappyadjustmentofmeanstotheattainmentofanyconvenienceorpleasureisoftenmoreregardedthantheendorconvenienceitself,andhegivesseveralinstancestoillustratetheoperationofthisprinciple。

  Forinstance,amancomingintohisroomandfindingallthechairsinthemiddle,willperhapsbeangrywithhisservantandtakethetroubletoplacethemallwiththeirbackstothewall,forthesakeofthegreaterconvenienceofhavingthefloorfreeanddisengaged。Butitismorethearrangementthantheconveniencewhichhereallycaresfor,sincetoattaintheconvenienceheputshimselftomoretroublethanhecouldhavesufferedfromthewantofit,seeingthatnothingwaseasierforhimthantohavesatdownatonceononeofthechairs,whichisprobablyallhedoeswhenhislabourisover。

  Thesameprincipleappliestothepursuitofriches,undercircumstanceswhichimplymuchmoretroubleandvexationthanthepossessionofthemcaneverobviate。Thepoorman\'sson,cursedwithambition,whoadmirestheconvenienceofapalacetolivein,ofhorsestocarryhim,andofservantstowaitonhim,sacrificesarealtranquillityforacertainartificialandelegantreposehemayneverreach,tofindatlastthat\"wealthandgreatnessaremeretrinketsoffrivolousutility,nomoreadaptedforprocuringeaseofbodyortranquillityofmind,thanthetweezer-casesoftheloveroftoys。\"Indeed,thereisnootherrealdifferencebetweenthemthanthattheconveniencesof。theonearesomewhatmoreobservablethanthoseoftheother。Thepalaces,gardens,orequipageofthegreatareobjectsofwhichtheconveniencystrikeseveryone;theirutilityisobvious;andwereadilyenjoybysympathythesatisfactiontheyarefittedtoafford。

  Buttheconveniencyofatoothpickorofanail-cutter,beinglessobvious,itislesseasytoenterintothesatisfactionoftheirpossessor。Theyarelessreasonableobjectsofvanitythanwealthandgreat-ness,andlesseffectuallygratifyman\'sloveofdistinction。Toamanwhohadtolivealoneonadesolateisland,itmightbeamatterofdoubt,\"whetherapalace,oracollectionofsuchsmallconveniencesasarecommonlycontainedinatweezer-case,wouldcontributemosttohishappinessandenjoyment。\"

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